{"id":698,"date":"2026-03-12T17:26:23","date_gmt":"2026-03-12T16:26:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/biotechlerncenter.iph-multisite.berta-bewegt.ch\/?page_id=698"},"modified":"2026-03-13T17:16:37","modified_gmt":"2026-03-13T16:16:37","slug":"4-du-gene-a-la-proteine","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/biotechlerncenter.interpharma.ch\/fr\/sujets\/genie-genetique\/4-du-gene-a-la-proteine\/","title":{"rendered":"4. Du g\u00e8ne \u00e0 la prot\u00e9ine"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Comment un individu peut-il prendre naissance \u00e0 partir de la s\u00e9rie successive de A, T, C et G? L&rsquo;alphabet des g\u00e8nes sera traduit en alphabet des prot\u00e9ines: un g\u00e8ne est l&rsquo;information sur la pelote d&rsquo;ADN. Cette information sera utilis\u00e9e dans la production des prot\u00e9ines. Tout d&rsquo;abord, les prot\u00e9ines s&rsquo;activent dans une cellule en tant qu&rsquo; enzymes, hormones, prot\u00e9ines r\u00e9gulatrices, mol\u00e9cules de soutien etc.. Elles transportent dans le corps diverses substances (par ex. h\u00e9moglobine), tout le m\u00e9tabolisme \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique de l&rsquo;individu est r\u00e9gi par les prot\u00e9ines. Les cellules sont constitu\u00e9es d&rsquo;eau et en plus grande partie de prot\u00e9ines. Les prot\u00e9ines sont compos\u00e9es d&rsquo;un ensemble de 20 acides amin\u00e9s diff\u00e9rents.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Le passage de g\u00e8ne \u00e0 prot\u00e9ine se fait gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 la transcription et \u00e0 la translation (illustrations 1.2.1 et 1.2.2). Dans une premi\u00e8re phase, l&rsquo;information g\u00e9n\u00e9tique de l&rsquo;ADN est transcrite en ARN. Ce proc\u00e9d\u00e9 se nomme transcription (cf. film)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/biotechlerncenter.interpharma.ch\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2020\/02\/garfik1-2-1_fr.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-4487\"\/><figcaption>Illustration 1.2.1<br>\u00a9 Interpharma<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/biotechlerncenter.interpharma.ch\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2020\/02\/grafik1-2-2_fr.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-4490\"\/><figcaption>Illustration 1.2.2<br>\u00a9 Interpharma<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed-youtube wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Transkription - Interpharma\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/fIer4grWMTE?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><figcaption>Transcription : de l&rsquo;ADN \u00e0 l&rsquo;ARN<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>L&rsquo;ARN- souvent consid\u00e9r\u00e9 \u00e0 tort comme le petit cousin de l&rsquo;ADN- n&rsquo;est form\u00e9 que d&rsquo;un brin contrairement \u00e0 l&rsquo;ADN qui en a deux. De surcro\u00eet, la base thymine est remplac\u00e9e par l&rsquo;uracile (U) dans l&rsquo;ARN. La transcription se d\u00e9roule dans le noyau cellulaire et est r\u00e9alis\u00e9e par l&rsquo;enzyme ARN polym\u00e9rase. Pour ce faire, l&rsquo;ARN polym\u00e9rase se d\u00e9place le long du brin d&rsquo;ADN et copie l&rsquo;information ADN en ARN. Il en r\u00e9sulte un brin appel\u00e9 ARNm (de l&rsquo;anglais: messenger ARN, ARN messager). La transcription de l&rsquo;ADN en ARN est comparable \u00e0 une mesure de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 de la nature: l&rsquo;information originale sise sur l&rsquo;ADN ne quitte pas le noyau cellulaire bien prot\u00e9g\u00e9. Seule une copie, l&rsquo;ARNm, sera traduite en prot\u00e9ine et ce, non dans le noyau cellulaire mais \u00e0 l&rsquo;ext\u00e9rieur, sur les ribosomes. Les ribosomes sont les \u00abusines\u00bb \u00e0 prot\u00e9ines.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Dans un deuxi\u00e8me temps, une prot\u00e9ine est constitu\u00e9e \u00e0 partir de l&rsquo;ARNm. Ce proc\u00e9d\u00e9 est appel\u00e9 traduction (cf. film et illustration 1.3). A chaque fois, trois \u00e9l\u00e9ments du brin de l&rsquo;ARNm seront transform\u00e9s en acide amin\u00e9. Par exemple, la leucine provient de CUU, l&rsquo;arginine, d&rsquo;AGA etc. Chaque acide amin\u00e9 se succ\u00e8de l&rsquo;un \u00e0 l&rsquo;autre en formant une cha\u00eene qui va se plier en une prot\u00e9ine \u00e0 trois dimensions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed-youtube wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Translation - Interpharma\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/YuRpm7C3ZdA?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><figcaption>Traduction : une prot\u00e9ine est constitu\u00e9e \u00e0 partir de l&rsquo;ARN<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/biotechlerncenter.interpharma.ch\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2020\/02\/grafik1-3_fr-614x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-4493\"\/><figcaption>Illustration 1.3: Traduction de l\u2019ARNm par le ribosome<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Ainsi se termine le parcours d&rsquo;un g\u00e8ne \u00e0 une prot\u00e9ine ; et voici comment l&rsquo;information g\u00e9n\u00e9tique des parents sera transmise aux enfants. Les enfants re\u00e7oivent la moiti\u00e9 des g\u00e8nes de leur m\u00e8re et de leur p\u00e8re. Au cas o\u00f9 l&rsquo;enfant poss\u00e8de des taches de rousseur, son g\u00e9nome contient \u00able g\u00e8ne pour taches de rousseur\u00bb qui provient soit du p\u00e8re soit de la m\u00e8re soit des deux. La cellule de l&rsquo;enfant traduit alors l&rsquo;information g\u00e9n\u00e9tique en signe caract\u00e9ristique taches de rousseur. Le \u00abg\u00e8ne pour taches de rousseur\u00bb a pour effet de produire les prot\u00e9ines et par l&rsquo;effet conjoint de ces prot\u00e9ines, on obtient l&rsquo;expression du signe caract\u00e9ristique h\u00e9r\u00e9ditaire.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-my-grey-background-color has-background\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"has-background has-my-grey-background-color\">Il n&rsquo;est pas certain qu&rsquo;il existe un g\u00e8ne pour les taches de rousseur. Les chercheurs du John Radcliffe Institute of Molecular Medicine \u00e0 Oxford ont publi\u00e9 l&rsquo;existence d&rsquo;un g\u00e8ne (g\u00e8ne Ginger) qui devrait \u00eatre responsable de la coloration rouge des cheveux, de la peau claire ainsi que des taches de rousseur. 10% des Ecossais par exemple ont des cheveux roux et sont 40% \u00e0 porter le g\u00e8ne Ginger.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Comment un individu peut-il prendre naissance \u00e0 partir de la s\u00e9rie successive de A, T, C et G? L&rsquo;alphabet des g\u00e8nes sera traduit en alphabet des prot\u00e9ines: un g\u00e8ne est l&rsquo;information sur la pelote d&rsquo;ADN. Cette information sera utilis\u00e9e dans la production des prot\u00e9ines. Tout d&rsquo;abord, les prot\u00e9ines s&rsquo;activent dans une cellule en tant qu&rsquo; [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":738,"menu_order":3,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"page-templates\/unterthema.php","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-698","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.2 (Yoast SEO v27.2) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>4. 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