{"id":660,"date":"2026-03-12T17:26:21","date_gmt":"2026-03-12T16:26:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/biotechlerncenter.iph-multisite.berta-bewegt.ch\/?page_id=660"},"modified":"2026-03-13T17:10:07","modified_gmt":"2026-03-13T16:10:07","slug":"2-structure-du-virus-grippal","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/biotechlerncenter.interpharma.ch\/fr\/sujets\/juste-un-virus-a-petits-virus-grands-effets\/2-structure-du-virus-grippal\/","title":{"rendered":"2. Structure du virus grippal"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

L\u2019enveloppe<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Le virus de la grippe est entour\u00e9 d\u2019une membrane mince comme une bulle de savon. La membrane prot\u00e8ge non seulement le g\u00e9nome qu\u2019elle renferme ainsi que les prot\u00e9ines virales, mais elle aide aussi le virus \u00e0 d\u00e9jouer le syst\u00e8me immunitaire de son h\u00f4te et \u00e0 p\u00e9n\u00e9trer dans les cellules de l\u2019organisme. Il n\u2019est donc pas \u00e9tonnant que la plupart des virus vraiment dangereux pour l\u2019\u00eatre humain soient entour\u00e9s d\u2019une membrane.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les spicules<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Deux prot\u00e9ines sont int\u00e9gr\u00e9es \u00e0 la membrane virale et leurs t\u00eates d\u00e9passent de la membrane comme des \u00abpiquants\u00bb appel\u00e9s spicules: l\u2019h\u00e9magglutinine (HA) et la neuraminidase (NA) (pour les spicules, cf. illustration). L\u2019HA aide le virus \u00e0 p\u00e9n\u00e9trer dans les cellules de l\u2019organisme. Cette prot\u00e9ine agit comme une cl\u00e9 qui correspond \u00e0 la serrure (r\u00e9cepteur) de la cellule h\u00f4te. C\u2019est ainsi que le virus acc\u00e8de subrepticement \u00e0 la cellule et peut y mettre en route sa reproduction.
L\u2019HA existe sous diff\u00e9rentes formes qui contribuent \u00e0 d\u00e9terminer l\u2019agressivit\u00e9 du type de virus. En effet, normalement, le virus de la grippe s\u2019attaque aux bronches ou aux poumons, mais il existe des souches tr\u00e8s agressives qui s\u2019installent dans d\u2019autres tissus de l\u2019organisme et sont encore plus dangereuses pour l\u2019\u00eatre humain.
La NA a une autre fonction: il s\u2019agit d\u2019une enzyme qui permet aux virus n\u00e9oform\u00e9s de quitter la cellule h\u00f4te.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n

L\u2019HA et la NA connaissent des mutations fr\u00e9quentes!<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Les virus de la grippe introduisent aussi dans les cellules h\u00f4tes des ARN polym\u00e9rases sans lesquelles ils ne peuvent se multiplier. Les ARN polym\u00e9rases ne travaillent pas tr\u00e8s soigneusement: au cours de la synth\u00e8se, elles introduisent souvent des bases inappropri\u00e9es. Les ADN polym\u00e9rases ont un m\u00e9canisme de correction qui rem\u00e9die \u00e0 ces erreurs. Mais un tel m\u00e9canisme fait d\u00e9faut dans les ARN polym\u00e9rases de sorte que leur taux d\u2019erreurs est plus \u00e9lev\u00e9. Ceci est la principale raison pour laquelle les virus \u00e0 ARN mutent tr\u00e8s rapidement, de sorte qu\u2019il faut \u00e9laborer chaque ann\u00e9e un nouveau vaccin contre la grippe.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Le g\u00e9nome<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Le g\u00e9nome contient toutes les informations permettant de produire de nouveaux virus, r\u00e9parties sur huit brins d\u2019ARN distincts. Ces brins permettent de produire jusqu\u2019\u00e0 onze prot\u00e9ines.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les prot\u00e9ines internes<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Les particules virales contiennent aussi des prot\u00e9ines importantes, par exemple le complexe de l\u2019ARN polym\u00e9rase, responsable de la multiplication des brins d\u2019ARN.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n

D\u00e9signation des virus grippaux<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Dans le cas de la grippe A, on conna\u00eet 16 sous-types de HA (de H1 \u00e0 H16) et 9 sous-types de NA (de N1 \u00e0 N9). La grippe A touche surtout les oiseaux mais elle a d\u00e9j\u00e0 \u00e9t\u00e9 mise en \u00e9vidence \u00e9galement chez d\u2019autres esp\u00e8ces animales telles le porc, le cheval, le chat, le phoque ou la baleine. Certains types de grippe ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 \u00e9t\u00e9 identifi\u00e9s chez l\u2019\u00eatre humain, en particulier les virus H1N1, H2N2 et H3N2. La grippe B ne se manifeste par contre que chez l\u2019homme et on n\u2019y distingue pas de sous-types de HA et NA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La d\u00e9signation des souches de virus (sous-types) est construite de la fa\u00e7on suivante:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

  • Grippe A ou B<\/li>
  • Origine (quelle esp\u00e8ce animale? En l\u2019absence de pr\u00e9cision, l\u2019origine est l\u2019homme.)<\/li>
  • Lieu de la premi\u00e8re isolation (pays ou ville)<\/li>
  • Num\u00e9ro de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence (donn\u00e9 par les laboratoires)<\/li>
  • Ann\u00e9e de l\u2019isolation<\/li>
  • Sous-type ajout\u00e9 entre parenth\u00e8ses (H N)<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n

    Exemples:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    • A\/Suisse\/7729\/98 (H3N2)<\/li>
    • A\/porc\/Iowa\/157\/30 (H1N1)<\/li>
    • A\/Porto Rico\/8\/34 (H1N1)<\/li>
    • B\/Yamagata\/16\/88<\/li><\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n
      \"\"
      Structure du virus grippal<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
      \"\"
      Virus grippal au microscope \u00e9lectronique
      \u00a9 Norbert Bannert, Lars M\u00f6ller (2007)\/RKI<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

      L\u2019enveloppe Le virus de la grippe est entour\u00e9 d\u2019une membrane mince comme une bulle de savon. La membrane prot\u00e8ge non seulement le g\u00e9nome qu\u2019elle renferme ainsi que les prot\u00e9ines virales, mais elle aide aussi le virus \u00e0 d\u00e9jouer le syst\u00e8me immunitaire de son h\u00f4te et \u00e0 p\u00e9n\u00e9trer dans les cellules de l\u2019organisme. Il n\u2019est donc […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":686,"menu_order":1,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"page-templates\/unterthema.php","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-660","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\n2. 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