{"id":486,"date":"2026-03-12T17:26:11","date_gmt":"2026-03-12T16:26:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/biotechlerncenter.iph-multisite.berta-bewegt.ch\/?page_id=486"},"modified":"2026-03-13T16:33:38","modified_gmt":"2026-03-13T15:33:38","slug":"1-la-famille-des-coronavirus","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/biotechlerncenter.interpharma.ch\/fr\/sujets\/corona-ein-virus-veraendert-die-welt\/1-la-famille-des-coronavirus\/","title":{"rendered":"1. La famille des coronavirus"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>La famille des coronavirus comprend une quarantaine de membres. La plupart d\u2019entre eux touchent les mammif\u00e8res, les oiseaux et les poissons. Mais certains peuvent aussi infecter l\u2019\u00eatre humain, comme le montre la flamb\u00e9e actuelle de coronavirus Sars-CoV-2 (Sars-CoV-2 est l\u2019abr\u00e9viation de <em>Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2<\/em>). Jusqu\u2019\u00e0 pr\u00e9sent, il y a six coronavirus qui peuvent d\u00e9clencher une maladie chez l\u2019\u00eatre humain. Les coronavirus peuvent causer des rhumes sans gravit\u00e9, mais aussi de graves affections respiratoires.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/biotechlerncenter.interpharma.ch\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2020\/12\/corona_virus_figure1.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-6924\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Ils ont \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverts pour la premi\u00e8re\nfois en 1964 par la technicienne de laboratoire June Almeida. Au microscope\n\u00e9lectronique, elle d\u00e9couvre une tache ronde entour\u00e9e de pointes. Cette image\nlui rappelle le soleil et sa couronne, d\u2019o\u00f9 le nom coronavirus (<em>corona<\/em> =\ncouronne en latin) (cf. figure 2).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Incroyable qu\u2019un minuscule virus (60 \u00e0 140 nanom\u00e8tres), dont la structure biologique est l\u2019une des plus simples que l\u2019on connaisse, puisse tenir le monde entier en haleine! Les coronavirus ont une structure relativement simple: tous les coronavirus contiennent leur g\u00e9nome dans une capside sous forme d\u2019un brin d\u2019ARN. Celle-ci est entour\u00e9e d\u2019une enveloppe lipidique \u00e0 laquelle sont fix\u00e9es diverses prot\u00e9ines. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/biotechlerncenter.interpharma.ch\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2020\/12\/corona_virus_figure2.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-6926\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Le Sars-CoV-2 se compose au total de 20\nprot\u00e9ines qui remplissent des fonctions sp\u00e9cifiques. En voici\nquelques-unes:&nbsp; <\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><em>Prot\u00e9ine de spicule (prot\u00e9ine S ou Spike):<\/em> la prot\u00e9ine de spicule permet au virus de se lier au r\u00e9cepteur de\nla cellule h\u00f4te.<\/li><li><em>Prot\u00e9ine h\u00e9magglutinine-est\u00e9rase (prot\u00e9ine HE):<\/em> seuls les b\u00eata-coronavirus comme le Sars-CoV-2 sont dot\u00e9s de cette\nprot\u00e9ine. Elle aide le virus \u00e0 se lier \u00e0 la cellule h\u00f4te.<\/li><li><em>Prot\u00e9ine d\u2019enveloppe (prot\u00e9ine E):<\/em>\nimportante pour la fusion avec la cellule h\u00f4te et la sortie.<\/li><li><em>Prot\u00e9ine de membrane (prot\u00e9ine M):<\/em>\nimportante pour la forme du virus.<\/li><li><em>Prot\u00e9ine de nucl\u00e9ocapside\n(prot\u00e9ine N):<\/em> stabilise l\u2019ARN, importante pour la\ntranscription.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>En plus de sa couronne, le coronavirus se caract\u00e9rise par la grande taille de son g\u00e9nome, compos\u00e9 d\u2019environ 30&nbsp;000 nucl\u00e9otides (\u00e9l\u00e9ments constitutifs des acides nucl\u00e9iques). Pour comparaison: le g\u00e9nome des virus de la grippe est environ deux fois moins long. Enfin, le coronavirus pr\u00e9sente encore une sp\u00e9cificit\u00e9, sa relative stabilit\u00e9 g\u00e9n\u00e9tique. Cela veut dire qu\u2019il ne conna\u00eet pas de mutations aussi rapides que, par exemple, le virus de la grippe (cf. \u00abStructure du virus grippal\u00bb). Cela permet aux scientifiques d\u2019esp\u00e9rer une immunit\u00e9 relativement longue chez les personnes qui ont surmont\u00e9 l\u2019infection. Lorsqu\u2019un virus a des mutations rapides, le syst\u00e8me immunitaire risque de ne pas reconna\u00eetre le virus mut\u00e9, de sorte que la personne tombe malade une nouvelle fois. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>La famille des coronavirus comprend une quarantaine de membres. La plupart d\u2019entre eux touchent les mammif\u00e8res, les oiseaux et les poissons. Mais certains peuvent aussi infecter l\u2019\u00eatre humain, comme le montre la flamb\u00e9e actuelle de coronavirus Sars-CoV-2 (Sars-CoV-2 est l\u2019abr\u00e9viation de Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2). Jusqu\u2019\u00e0 pr\u00e9sent, il y a six coronavirus qui [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":490,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"page-templates\/unterthema.php","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-486","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.2 (Yoast SEO v27.2) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>1. 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